Evaluation of community-based forest management in addressing dependence on illegal gold mining

Abstract

Background: This study examines whether illegal gold mining/penambangan emas tanpa izin (PETI) remains the primary source of income for households living in community-forest areas and explores the conditions that could encourage a transition toward more sustainable livelihoods. The study particularly focuses on the level of income needed for miners to consider leaving PETI and the influence of local institutions on this decision. Methods: Using a qualitative design, the study applies purposive sampling and the Most Significant Change method to gather narratives from three groups: individuals engaged in PETI, those who depend on forest resources, and those with non-forest livelihoods. Findings: The findings show that economic pressure drives most decisions. Respondents consistently describe PETI as the only activity that provides fast and reliable income. Many state that a stable earning of around IDR 6 million per month is needed before they would consider leaving mining. Institutional issues deepen this dependence. Local governance structures are seen as unclear, dominated by a small network of families, and weak in carrying out basic functions. These conditions create distrust and limit community participation in forest management. Although people express interest in alternatives such as agroforestry, rattan-based products, or small-scale ecotourism, they view these options as uncertain and less profitable. Conclusion: The conclusion is that sustainable forest management cannot succeed without addressing both the economic gap and the governance gap. Furthermore, policies need to provide livelihood options that match the real income expectations of miners, strengthen transparency and fairness within local institutions, and support transition pathways that respect local agency. Novelty/Originality of this article: The results offer practical insights for designing interventions that reduce dependence on extractive activities while improving long-term social and ecological resilience.