Eco-anxiety and its implications for the mental health of generation Z in the face of climate change: A systematic analysis review

Abstract

Background: The phenomenon of eco-anxiety or ecological anxiety is increasingly experienced by Generation Z as the real impacts related to climate change increase in various parts of the world. This study aims to identify how eco-anxiety can emerge through cognitive processes and threat perceptions, and understand how these responses affect mental health conditions within the spectrum of psychological well-being. Methods: This study uses a systematic literature review (SLR) with a descriptive qualitative approach. Data were obtained through searching relevant scientific articles from 2020 to 2025 using international and national databases. Data analysis was carried out using thematic analysis techniques to identify patterns of findings and similarities in themes between studies. The theoretical component of this study uses the Protection Motivation Theory proposed by Prentice-Dunn and Rogers (1986), as well as the mental health continuum theory developed by Keyes (2002). Findings: The results of this research synthesis show that Generation Z in various countries shows a tendency to experience eco-anxiety with diverse psychological responses. Most studies show that Generation Z is globally vulnerable to eco-anxiety, although the form, intensity, and impact vary. Conclusion: These findings confirm that eco-anxiety is a complex psychological response and affects the mental health of Generation Z in facing climate change. Based on the Protection Motivation Theory approach, eco-anxiety is formed through the mechanism of threat appraisal and coping appraisal. Novelty/Originality of this article: This article provides a new perspective by placing eco-anxiety within the analytical framework of Prentice-Dunn and Rogers' (1986) Protection Motivation Theory, as well as Keyes' (2002) mental health continuum theoretical framework, which highlights that threat perceptions and coping strategies can shape diverse psychological responses and influence mental health conditions in Generation Z.